International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 298-309 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 306 Future research should focus on long-term follow-up studies and multi-omics joint research to clarify the causal relationship between intestinal microbiota disorders and the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease. At the same time, reliable and non-invasive biomarkers should be identified for the early diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. The assessment of the gut microbiota should be integrated into the entire process of risk prediction, early intervention and personalized treatment of Parkinson's disease. The focus of the research should shift from "observing phenomena" to "active intervention", integrating the latest research achievements of artificial intelligence and systems biology. Relying on the collaboration of multiple disciplines such as neurology, gastroenterology, microbiology, and nutrition, more precise and effective targeted treatment methods for the gut-brain axis have been developed at present. Acknowledgments The author extends sincere thanks to the anonymous peer reviewers for his feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alam M., Abbas K., Mustafa M., Usmani N., and Habib S., 2024, Microbiome-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease, Frontiers in Nutrition, 11: 1496616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1496616 Bakshi I., Dey S., Raut A., Katta S., and Sharma P., 2024, Exploring the gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review of interactions between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(3): 1. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i03.19563 Ben-Shlomo Y., Darweesh S., Llibre-Guerra J., Marras C., Luciano M., and Tanner C., 2024, The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease, The Lancet, 403: 283-292 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01419-8 Bertollo A., Santos C., Bagatini M., and Ignácio Z., 2025, Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and gut-brain axes in biological interaction pathway of the depression, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 19: 1541075. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1541075 Chiang H., and Lin C., 2025, Management of gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease, Journal of Central Nervous System Disease, 17: 11795735251370014. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735251370014 Derkinderen P., Cossais F., Kulcsárová K., Škorvánek M., Sellier-Montaigne L., Coron E., Leclair-Visonneau L., Cerri S., Pellegrini C., and Rolli-Derkinderen M., 2025, How leaky is the gut in Parkinson’s disease?, eBioMedicine, 117: 105796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105796 Dodiya H., Forsyth C., Voigt R., Engen P., Patel J., Shaikh M., Green S., Naqib A., Roy A., Kordower J., Pahan K., Shannon K., and Keshavarzian A., 2020, Chronic stress-induced gut dysfunction exacerbates Parkinson's disease phenotype and pathology in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease, Neurobiology of Disease, 135: 104352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.012 Guo M., Gao H., Wang Y., and Xiang Y., 2025, Exploring the role of gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease: insights from fecal microbiota transplantation, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 19: 1574512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1574512 Hattori N., and Yamashiro Y., 2021, The gut-brain axis, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 77: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512226 Heinzel S., Aho V., Suenkel U., Von Thaler A., Schulte C., Deuschle C., Paulin L., Hantunen S., Brockmann K., Eschweiler G., Maetzler W., Berg D., Auvinen P., and Scheperjans F., 2021, Gut microbiome signatures of risk and prodromal markers of Parkinson's disease, Annals of Neurology, 90(3): E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26128 Hill A., Wade-Martins R., and Burnet P., 2021, What is our understanding of the influence of gut microbiota on the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease?, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15: 708587. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.708587 Jones J., Rahmani E., Garcia E., and Jacobs J., 2020, Gastrointestinal symptoms are predictive of trajectories of cognitive functioning in de novo Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 72: 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.01.009 Khalaf N., Badr M., and Nasef M., 2025, Assessment of prodromal gastrointestinal manifestations in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, The Open Biomarkers Journal, 15: e18753183382955. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118753183382955250509055110
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