IJMMS_2025v15n6

International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 274-286 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 284 collaboration among clinical, molecular biological and public health decision-making to establish evidence-based guidelines and training systems. Overall, if pharmacogenomics can be systematically introduced into the routine management of DR-TB, it is expected to increase the cure rate, reduce toxicity and decrease the spread of drug-resistant strains, thereby promoting the upgrading of global tuberculosis prevention and control strategies. Acknowledgments The author extends sincere thanks to MedSci Publisher for his feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Adhvaryu M., and Vakharia B., 2011, Drug-resistant tuberculosis: emerging treatment options, Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications, 3: 51-67. https://doi.org/10.2147/cpaa.s11597 Bartholomay P., Pinheiro R., Dockhorn F., Pelissari D., and De Araújo W., 2021, Brazilian cohort study of risk factors associated with unsuccessful outcomes of drug resistant tuberculosis, BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1): 1049. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06756-7 Che Y., Yang T., Lin L., Xiao Y., Jiang F., Chen Y., Chen T., and Zhou J., 2021, Comparative utility of genetic determinants of drug resistance and phenotypic drug susceptibility profiling in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis, Frontiers in Public Health, 9: 663974. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.663974 Chen Y., Jiang Q., Peierdun M., Takiff H., and Gao Q., 2022, The mutational signatures of poor treatment outcomes on the drug-susceptible mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, eLife, 12: e84815. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.20.517260 Cui K., Zhao X., Liu W., and Bai L., 2025, Global regional and national burden and trends of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in adolescents and adults aged 15-49 years from 2010 to 2021: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021, BMC Medicine, 23(1): 445. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04269-7 Dlatu N., Faye L., and Apalata T., 2025, Outcomes of treating tuberculosis patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis human immunodeficiency virus and nutritional status: the combined impact of triple challenges in rural eastern cape, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(3): 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030319 Espinosa-Pereiro J., Sánchez-Montalvá A., Aznar M., and Espiau M., 2022, MDR tuberculosis treatment, Medicina 58(2): 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020188 Farhat M., Cox H., Ghanem M., Denkinger C., Rodrigues C., Aziz M., Enkh-Amgalan H., Vambe D., Ugarte-Gil C., Furin J., and Pai M., 2024, Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a persistent global health concern, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 22: 617-635. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01025-1 Fekadu G., Tolossa T., Bekele F., Chen X., He Y., Yu J., Yi X., Liu M., Fetensa G., Dugassa D., Turi E., Feyissa T., Chaiyakunapruk N., Yang L., Chen S., and Ming W., 2025, Impact of all-oral bedaquiline-based shorter regimens in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ Global Health, 10(4): e018220. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2024-018220 Feng X., Hong L., Ji Z., Ding C., Shangguan Y., Guo W., Chen S., He Z., Zhang Y., Ruan B., and Xu K., 2025, Risk factors for poor outcomes in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: a 6-year multicenter prospective study in Zhejiang China, BMC Infectious Diseases, 25(1): 422. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10802-z Günther G., Heyckendorf J., Zellweger J., Reimann M., Claassens M., Chesov D., and Van Leth F., 2021, Defining outcomes of tuberculosis (treatment): from the past to the future, Respiration, 100: 843-852. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516392 Guo Y., Li J., and Lin L., 2025, Trends and forecast of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a global perspective from the GBD study 2021, Frontiers in Public Health, 13: 1550199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1550199 He W., Tan Y., Liu C., Wang Y., He P., Song Z., Liu D., Zheng H., A., Zhao B., Ou X., Xia H., Wang S., and Zhao Y., 2022, Drug-resistant characteristics genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of rifampicin-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in Hunan China revealed by whole-genome sequencing, Microbiology Spectrum, (1): e01543-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01543-21 Kadhiravan T., 2022, Adherence and acquired drug-resistance in tuberculosis: wisdom stood on its head, The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences, 55(1): 9-10. https://doi.org/10.5005/ijcdas-55-1-9

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