Medicinal Plant Research 2026, Vol.16, No.2, 92-109 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 102 components such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds while ensuring tuberous root yield, thereby achieving simultaneous improvement in medicinal yield and intrinsic quality. Figure 2 A schematic outline of flavonoid pathway proposed for T. hemsleyanum(Adopted from Shi et al., 2022) Image caption: PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; FNS II, flavone synthase II; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3H, flavonone 3-hydroxylase; FLS-Ⅱ, flavone synthase Ⅱ; UGT, UDP-glucosyltransferase; F3GT, flavonol-3-O-glucosyltransferase; A3RT, anthocyanidin-3-O-glucoside-6-O-rhamnosyltransferase (Adopted from Shi et al., 2022) 6 Mechanisms by Which Shading Regulates Medicinal Quality Formation in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum 6.1 Light signal perception and transduction mechanisms Shading simultaneously alters light intensity and spectral composition, such as reducing the proportions of UV-B, blue light, and red light while enriching far-red light. Therefore, Tetrastigma hemsleyanumis expected to perceive shading environments through a series of photoreceptors similar to those identified in other plant species. Under canopy or shaded conditions, plants use phytochromes to perceive red and far-red light, cryptochromes and phototropins to perceive blue light/UV-A, and UVR8 to perceive UV-B, thereby recognizing changes in light
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