Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-7 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 3 2.3 Classification and characteristics of germplasm resources of apple As an important fruit tree, apple has extensive and diverse germplasm resources, which show rich diversity in morphology, biological characteristics and genetic characteristics. The first is geographical classification, which refers to the classification of apple varieties according to their origin and distribution area. Apple varieties around the world can vary significantly in terms of growing environment, disease resistance and quality. For example, the Maras apple in Central Asia is considered to be the original wild species of apple, and apples from different countries and regions may also differ in fruit morphology and growth habits (Marconi et al., 2018). The second is genetic classification, which is based on the genetic characteristics and genotypes of apple varieties. The genetic background of different apple varieties determines the characteristics of disease resistance, fruit size, taste and maturity. Older varieties often have higher genetic diversity, which is important in breeding and conservation efforts. Another type of classification is based on fruit characteristics, such as size, color, shape and taste. This classification is often used to distinguish between different types of apples used for fresh food, for processing (making jams, juices, etc.), or for cooking purposes. Finally, there is the classification by use, which distinguishes apple varieties according to their different uses, including fresh food, processing or cooking purposes. Apple varieties used for different purposes may have significant differences in pulp texture, sugar content and taste. 3 Conservation Status of Germplasm Resources of Apple 3.1 Global apple resource bank and genetic resource conservation organization A number of apple resource banks and genetic resource conservation organizations have been established around the world to collect, preserve and study apple genetic resources and provide support for the protection and utilization of apple germplasm resources. The most well-known of these are Apple repositories located around the world, such as the National Apple Collection in the United States, the European Apple Varieties Database in Europe, and the Apple Repository in Asia. These repositories collect and preserve apple germplasm from all over the world, including wild, traditional and modern cultivars. They not only preserve rich genetic diversity, but also provide an important material basis for breeding and research (Shaziya et al., 2018). Apple Genetic Resources Conservation groups have also been established around the world, examples include the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and the International Society for Horticultural Resources Science-Fruit Section. They promote the collection, evaluation and communication of apple genetic resources. Through collaboration and information sharing, these organizations contribute to the conservation, research and sustainable use of apple genetic resources worldwide. 3.2 Existing conservation measures and policies Some countries and regions have special laws and regulations to protect crop genetic resources, including apples. These policies include building germplasm banks, protecting wild species, encouraging the preservation of traditional varieties, and encouraging the exchange and sharing of plant genetic resources (Shaziya et al., 2018). Some governments and ngos have also developed special apple conservation programs to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. Existing conservation measures and policies provide important support for the conservation and management of apple genetic resources and are widely implemented around the world. There are also a number of international cooperation mechanisms and agreements aimed at protecting plant genetic resources. For example, the International Plant Genetic Resources Treaty of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) provides a framework and guidance for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources, facilitating resource sharing and exchange on a global scale. In addition to regulations and policies, scientific research institutions and agricultural organizations are also actively working on the conservation of apple genetic resources. These institutions are committed to the collection, preservation, research and utilization of apple germplasm resources, and promote the protection and utilization of apple diversity.
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