Plant Gene and Trait 2026, Vol.17, No.1, 1-11 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 7 competition and extensive natural selection, resulting in extremely rich genetic diversity. These resources constitute complex natural gene pools that harbor many superior genes for disease resistance, pest resistance, and drought tolerance that are often absent in cultivated varieties, and thus can be used to improve the genetic basis of cultivated varieties (Tao et al., 2010; Jing et al., 2020). Influenced by artificial cultivation practices and breeding strategies, cultivated varieties have undergone substantial evolutionary changes; however, the patterns and directions of their evolution show considerable similarity to those of wild populations under natural conditions (Xu, 2005). The construction of genetic populations of P. orientalis and the exploration of their genetic diversity are therefore of great significance for the conservation and utilization of P. orientalis germplasm resources (Lei, 2018). 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Overview of experimental material collection In March 2021, a total of 100 Platycladus orientalis samples were collected from four regions in Zaozhuang City (Table 5): Shanting District (a68), Yicheng District (b9), Shizhong District (c4), and Tengzhou City (d19). A sampling strategy of collecting one mature individual at intervals of 10 m was adopted to avoid repeated sampling. Healthy upper leaves free of insect damage were collected as samples whenever possible. After collection, the samples were thoroughly dried using color-indicating silica gel, and DNA was subsequently extracted. Table 5 Geographical location of Platycladus orientalis sampling sites No. Group Region Locality Longitude Latitude Elevation (m) Aspect 2 a Shanting District Huameizhuang 117°32′24″ 35°01′05″ 360 South 3 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′26″ 35°01′38″ 360 South 4 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′28″ 35°01′39″ 370 South 5 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′28″ 35°01′40″ 370 Southwest 7 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′28″ 35°01′40″ 384 Southeast 8 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′31″ 35°01′39″ 360 Southeast 9 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′22″ 35°01′42″ 410 East 10 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′37″ 35°01′36″ 330 South 11 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′22″ 35°01′42″ 390 South 13 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′29″ 35°01′34″ 380 South 24 a Shanting District Shifosi 117°36′32″ 35°01′49″ 326 Southwest 25 a Shanting District Glass Walkway South Mountain 117°35′27″ 35°02′04″ 340 Northeast 26 a Shanting District Glass Walkway South Mountain 117°35′25″ 35°02′12″ 330 North 27 a Shanting District Glass Walkway South Mountain 117°35′24″ 35°02′01″ 360 Northwest 28 a Shanting District Glass Walkway South Mountain 117°35′31″ 35°02′01″ 360 Northeast 32 a Shanting District Glass Walkway South Mountain 117°35′35″ 35°01′54″ 390 East 35 a Shanting District Mujia Cave West Mountain 117°35′54″ 35°02′36″ 270 Southwest 36 a Shanting District Mujia Cave West Mountain 117°35′55″ 35°01′52″ 280 West 37 a Shanting District Mujia Cave West Mountain 117°35′03″ 35°02′19″ 270 Southwest 38 a Shanting District Mujia Cave West Mountain 117°33′57″ 35°02′02″ 270 Northwest 39 a Shanting District Mujia Cave West Mountain 117°34′54″ 35°02′36″ 270 Southwest 43 a Shanting District Mujia Cave West Mountain 117°34′54″ 35°02′36″ 280 Southwest 47 a Shanting District East Dami Mountain 117°34′26″ 35°03′00″ 370 Southeast 49 a Shanting District East Dami Mountain 117°38′27″ 35°02′59″ 360 Southeast 50 a Shanting District East Dami Mountain 117°38′26″ 35°03′04″ 390 Northwest 52 a Shanting District Dajiao Mountain 117°38′27″ 35°03′38″ 390 West 53 a Shanting District East Dajiao Mountain 117°38′26″ 35°02′51″ 400 Southeast 54 a Shanting District Dajiao Mountain 117°38′27″ 35°03′10″ 246 Southwest 55 a Shanting District East Dajiao Mountain 117°38′25″ 35°02′50″ 400 East 56 a Shanting District Dajiao Mountain 117°38′15″ 35°03′29″ 400 West 59 a Shanting District East Dajiao Mountain 117°38′25″ 35°02′48″ 400 East 63 a Shanting District East Dajiao Mountain 117°38′25″ 35°02′47″ 410 Southeast 64 a Shanting District Northwest Mountain 117°36′31″ 35°03′45″ 280 East
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