Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 15-22 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 18 5.2 Key studies on target gene mapping and function prediction There have been many new advancements in the research on the target gene localization and functional prediction of Sapindus in recent years. Jim completed the chromosome-level genome assembly of Sapindus mukorossi in 2024 and discovered many candidate genes related to major agronomic traits. These genomic data are helpful in identifying the key genes that affect economic traits and can also improve breeding efficiency. Breseghello and Sorrells (2006) screened out the core germplasm resources of Sapindus using EST-SSR markers in their early studies, which is very important for subsequent breeding and genetic research. 5.3 Molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of superior traits inSapindus The research by Ma et al. (2023) found that Sapindus mukorossi has obvious population structure and interspecific genetic differences. The overall genetic diversity is rich, and the populations in different regions have their own genetic characteristics. In 2019, Barreto et al. identified many key genes related to defense, growth and development through genome-wide selective sweep analysis. These genes are very important for selecting high-quality varieties. Understanding the genetic structure and geographical differentiation patterns of Sapindus is useful for formulating more scientific breeding strategies and enhancing the diversity of traits and improvement effects. 6 Case Studies on Breeding Technologies and Achievements 6.1 Breeding cases for high yield and stress resistance traits inSapindus Considerable progress has been made in the breeding of high-yield and stress-resistant traits of Sapindus in recent years. Researchers successfully analyzed the genetic diversity of Sapindus by using molecular marker technology and identified gene markers related to fruit traits such as seed oil and saponin yield. These markers can help quickly screen out good varieties with high-yield potential and stress resistance, and improve the efficiency of breeding (Germanà, 2011). 6.2 Significant trait improvements achieved through MAS technology Marker-assisted selection (MAS) plays a crucial role in improving important traits in the breeding of Sapindus. MAS can precisely select plants with excellent characteristics by finding the relationship between molecular markers and target traits. This technology is highly suitable for accelerating the breeding speed and can effectively enhance the fruit quality and oil content (Tester and Langridge, 2010). The application of MAS has helped breed some excellent Sapindus varieties, which have better agronomic traits and significantly increased commercial value (Figure 2) (Godwin et al., 2019; Kumawat et al., 2020). Figure 2 Flow chart of MAS technical marking development (Adopted from Kumawat et al., 2020)
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