Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-14 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 9 Figure 2 Somaclonal mutation of clone ‘Cayenne 7898’ showing the difference in dark yellow (Cayenne 7898 4N, HANA 97) and white (Cayenne 7898, HANA96) flesh colors (Adopted from Zhou et al., 2015) In terms of leaf margin morphology, the study found that the AcWOX3 gene controls whether the leaves have thorns (i.e., “tubular” or “thornless” leaves). In thornless types such as Cream pineapple, due to the presence of inverted repeat sequences in the gene region, the RNA interference mechanism (RNAi) is activated, thereby inhibiting the expression of AcWOX3, resulting in smooth and thornless leaf margins. Under normal expression conditions, AcWOX3 is active and the plant exhibits typical thorny leaves. In terms of flesh color, the study identified AcCCD4 as a key gene that controls carotenoid degradation. In white-fleshed varieties, the gene is highly expressed, preventing carotenoids from accumulating, resulting in light-colored flesh. In yellow-fleshed varieties, AcCCD4 is expressed at a low level, allowing carotenoids to accumulate, forming yellow flesh (Figure 3).
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