Journal of Mosquito Research, 2026, Vol.16, No.1, 1-20 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 6 six months and 99% in eight months; being #100% in one year. After LLINs installation these risks were respectively 22%; 63%; 77%; 86% and 95% (Table 1b). The reduction of risks with vector control based on LLINs sharply decreased with time; from 50% in one month to 5% in one year. It is of great concern that, even with full coverage in LLINs, the risk of receiving one infective bite in one year could > 90%. Table 1b Evolution of the monthly risks of receiving, in one year an infective bite of the main vectors of malaria, in a house before, and after, installation of LLINs, with the difference of risks Before After Diff. M1 43.9 21.9 -50.2% M2 68.5 39.0 -43.1% M3 82.3 52.3 -36.5% M4 90.1 62.7 -30.4% M5 94.4 70.9 -24.9% M6 96.9 77.3 -20.3% M7 98.3 82.2 -16.3% M8 99.0 86.1 -13.0% M9 99.5 89.2 -10.3% M10 99.7 91.5 -8.2% M11 99.8 93.4 -6.5% M12 99.9 94.8 -5.1% 3.2 Evolution of risks before and after LLINs + ITPS Model ZeroFly® With full coverage in LLINs, in combination of ZF the number of main vectors per trap decreased from 0.73 to 0.23 and the sporozoite index decreased from 4.20% to 2.59%. With these data in the Birley’s formula it is possible to calculate the risk of receiving an infective bite in sleeping one day, one week, one month (Graph 2a and 2b), one year (Graph 2c) in a house without, then with LLINs + ZF. Graph 2a Evolution of the daily risks of receiving, in one month, an infective bite of the main vector of malaria in a house before, and after, installation of LLINs+ ZF. (D= number of days) 3.2.1 Evolution of the weekly risk in one month In a house without vector control the weekly risk sharply increased, 3% in one day; 20% in one week; 36% in two weeks; 48% in three weeks and >58% in four weeks. With installation of LLINs + ZF they were respectively reduced at < 1%; 4%; 8%; 12% and 16% meaning that LLIN+ZF conferred a >70% reduction of risks during one month (Table 2a).
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