Journal of Mosquito Research, 2026, Vol.16, No.1, 1-20 http://emtoscipublisher.com/index.php/jmr 18 more to check for an eventual “rebound effect” long time after cessation of vector control. Entomological data were used to evaluate, with the Birley’s formula, the evolution of risks of being infected, before and after vector control, but also with the time spent in these conditions. Before vector control the risks increased sharply, as a log function of time, reaching 3% in one day; almost 20% in one week; more than 50% in one month and more than 90% in six months. This means that communities, permanently living in such context, will, likely, be malaria infected and vector control is an absolutely need. Actually, risks were greatly reduced, for several months, after vector control, the best having been obtained after installation of insecticide treated plastic sheeting on the walls, inside the houses. But, even with such a successful vector control, the risks of being infected in one year remained high. This induced the need for regularly repeated vector control operations, in a comprehensive program including, among other measures, improved diagnosis and case management at the most peripheral level. The long-lasting nets must keep their entomological efficacy for three, and more, years but it appeared that, in one year in the field, the risks became as high as before vector control, rising concern to program managers, and this could participate to explain the stalling of malaria situation reported by WHO. The longer lasting efficacy of insecticide treated plastic sheeting open a new field of research, for example fitting then with treated nets, combining different insecticide to deal with insecticide resistance (Ngufor et al., 2014). To know the risks in living, more or less long time, in malarious area (or period), and their reduction with vector control, (Molineaux and Hempel, 1989; Baudon and Martet, 1997; Batchelor and Gherardin, 2007; Pistone et al., 2010; Wendt et al., 2021), should be important for temporary workers, or displaced population, or tourists as well as for communities living in these areas. Acknowledgments Many thanks to the managers of the Angolese Sonamet® Company in Lobito who supported the Balombo Project through their Malaria Control Program (MCP) in its Medical Department. Many thanks to MCP agents involved in the Balombo program. Many thanks to the communities of the villages where traps were regularly installed in their houses and their help in ITPS installation. Conflicts of Interest Authors confirmed there is no conflict-of-interest. The document was prepared without any a.i. Authors NC was involved in data analysis and writing, GC was involved in data analysis, writing, editing English. BO was involved in writing, discussion of data and English editing PC was involved in field surveys, data collection and analysis, writing the document They read and approved the document. No need of ethical clearance as this work dealt only with mosquitoes. References Amoah B., McCann R.S., Kabaghe A.N., Mburu M.M., Chipeta M., and Moraga P., 2021, Identifying Plasmodium falciparumtransmission patterns through parasite prevalence and entomological inoculation rate, Elife, 10: e65682. doi.org/10.7554/eLife.65682 Bassene H., Kengne P., Ndiath M.O., Sokhna C., Dupressoir T., and Fontenille D., 2009, Comparison of PCR, ELISA-CSP and direct microscopic observation methods for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in Anopheles gambiae M in Senegal, Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 102(4): 233-237. Batchelor T. and Gherardin T., 2007, Prevention of malaria in travellers, Australian Family Physician, 36(5): 316-320. Baudon D. and Martet G., 1997, Malaria and travellers : protection and information, Médecine Tropicale (Marseille), 57(4 Suppl.): 497-500. Beier J.C., Killeen G.F., and Githure J.I., 1999, Entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparummalaria prevalence in Africa, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 61(1): 109-113. doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.109 Beier J.C., Perkins P.V., Wirtz R.A., Whitmire R.E., Mugambi M., Hockmeyer W.T., and Diggs C.L., 1987, Field evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite detection in anopheline mosquitoes from Kenya, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 36(3): 459-468. doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.459
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