Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 61-70 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 63 3.3 Synergistic approaches Integrating water and fertilizer management strategies can lead to synergistic effects, enhancing rice yield and quality. The combination of wet irrigation and optimized nitrogen application (e.g., 225 kg/ha) significantly improves photosynthetic efficiency, non-structural carbohydrate accumulation, and lodging resistance, leading to higher yields and better rice quality (Figure 1) (Zhu et al., 2024b). Simplified and nitrogen-reduced practices, which involve reduced nitrogen fertilizer and labor input, have been shown to increase grain yield and NUE by enhancing sink capacity, productive tillers, and biomass accumulation (Fu et al., 2023). Utilizing controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers in a one-time application can balance yield, quality, and economic benefits, reducing fertilization frequency while maintaining high yield and quality (Cheng et al., 2023). Figure 1 Synergistic regulation of yield, quality, and lodging resistance by water and fertilizer management (Adopted from Zhu et al., 2024b) 4 Physiological Responses of Rice to Water and Nutrient Synergy 4.1 Growth dynamics and biomass accumulation The synergy between water and nutrient management significantly influences the growth dynamics and biomass accumulation in rice. Optimized water and fertilizer management, such as the W1F3 treatment, enhances photosynthetic efficiency and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation, which are crucial for robust growth and high yield (Zhu et al., 2024b). Additionally, treatments like W1N2 have been shown to increase grain biomass accumulation by improving root oxidation activity and hormone balance, which supports effective panicle number and seed-setting performance (Zhao et al., 2023). The application of controlled-release fertilizers also extends the duration of rapid nitrogen growth, enhancing nitrogen accumulation and transport, which contributes to increased biomass and yield (Wu et al., 2023).
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