Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 106-115 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 109 Figure 1 Diverse agronomic phenotypes for genetically diverse rice accessions (Adopted from Qin et al., 2021) Image caption: A-D: The highly diverse agronomic phenotypes among 33 accessions, including plant height and architecture (A), grain number per panicle (B), panicle architecture (C), and grain width and length (D). These 33 accessions covered all known subpopulations of O. sativa and one O. glaberrima accessions (CG14) and encompassed 89.05% (MAF >0.05) of the SNPs present in the 3K-RG accessions (Adopted from Qin et al., 2021) 3.4 Disease resistance genes Growing rice not only needs to prevent drought, salt, and heat, but also disease. Old problems such as rice blast and bacterial streak have always plagued farmers. Selamat and Nadarajah (2021) summarized multiple QTL analyses and found that some key genes contained in some QTLs are involved in the ABA and jasmonic acid pathways, which are related to the plant's "defense system". In addition to these signaling pathways, there are also some specific transcription factors that are worth noting. For example, OsWRKY10 and OsWRKY21 can mobilize the expression of downstream defense-related genes under stress and enhance disease resistance (Raza et al., 2020). However, to achieve effective defense effects, these alone are not enough, and the regulation level of endogenous ABA and the coordination of various transcription factors must also be in place (Buti et al., 2019). 4 Functional Genomics Technology and Its Application in Rice 4.1 RNA-Seq and transcriptomics Rice has to deal with problems such as drought, disease, and abnormal development, and there are complex genetic activities behind them, and RNA-Seq is a good tool to study these activities. It is not a recently popular technology, but it is still very practical in revealing how genes "change faces" under different environmental conditions. Even if it is just to find some new transcripts that are not often noticed, or to figure out who is connected to whom between genes, RNA-Seq can come in handy. With these data, researchers can draw a more complete "molecular activity map" of rice, and have a better sense of direction for breeding and improvement.
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