Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 86-95 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 93 8 Conclusion The researchers discovered the tms6 gene in a rice mutant line called Sokcho MS. One of the special features of this rice is that it will be completely sterile when the temperature is above 27 °C or below 25 °C, and can only breed normally between 25 °Cand 27 °C. Later, this gene was located on the long arm of chromosome 5, specifically between the two molecular markers RM3351 and E60663. In fact, this is not the only case. Genetic analysis of some other thermosensitive male sterile lines also shows that this type of trait is usually controlled by a recessive gene, but the location is different. Some are on other chromosomes, with different markers related to the tms gene. It is worth noting that temperature sensitivity is not simply determined by a certain gene, but the product of genetic and environmental factors intertwined. In the study, some candidate genes have obvious responses to temperature changes in rice panicles. In addition, the transcription factor OsAL5 has also entered the research field of vision-it can regulate OsTMS5, thereby linking drought stress and thermosensitive male sterility. This discovery opens up new ideas for breeding TGMS rice varieties with both drought resistance and sterility. From a breeding perspective, thermosensitive sterility genes like tms6 are very useful. It can be used as a control switch in a two-line hybrid breeding system to help improve the production efficiency of hybrid seeds. The involvement of molecular markers is also critical - with these markers, breeders can screen out ideal lines more quickly. In addition, as the mechanism of action of regulatory factors such as OsAL5 becomes increasingly clear, we may be able to breed new rice varieties that are both high-yielding and able to cope with adverse environments such as drought in the future. This dual ability of "both being able to produce grain and being able to withstand disasters" is obviously what modern agriculture needs. Looking ahead, there is still a lot of room for research on TGMS. To understand the ins and outs of these sterility mechanisms, we have to delve into the details of their molecular regulation. Once we have a clearer understanding of these regulatory networks, perhaps we can more confidently breed rice with stronger adaptability and more stable performance. Moreover, intersections like OsAL5 remind us that it is not a fantasy to combine sterility research with stress resistance mechanisms. In the future, using genomic tools and biotechnology to accelerate the breeding of new varieties may become an important step in promoting global rice production capacity and food security. Acknowledgments We would like to express our gratitude to the two anonymous peer researchers for their constructive suggestions on our manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Campo S., Peris-Peris C., Siré C., Moreno A., Donaire L., Zytnicki M., Notredame C., Llave C., and Segundo B., 2013, Identification of a novel microRNA (miRNA) from rice that targets an alternatively spliced transcript of the Nramp6 (Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 6) gene involved in pathogen resistance, The New Phytologist, 199(1): 212-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12292 Chen L., Xiao Y., and Lei D., 2010, Mechanism of sterility and breeding strategies for photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice, Rice Science, 17: 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6308(09)60012-3 Ding X., Guo J., Zhang Q., Yu L., Zhao T., and Yang S., 2021, Heat-responsive miRNAs participate in the regulation of male fertility stability in soybean CMS-based F1 under high temperature stress, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5): 2446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052446 Ding J., Shen J., Mao H., Xie W., Li X., and Zhang Q., 2012, RNA-directed DNA methylation is involved in regulating photoperiod-sensitive male sterility in rice, Molecular Plant, 5(6): 1210-1216. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sss095 Fan Y., and Zhang Q., 2017, Genetic and molecular characterization of photoperiod and thermo-sensitive male sterility in rice, Plant Reproduction, 31: 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-017-0310-5
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