Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 287-296 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 294 Despite these advancements, several research gaps remain. One major challenge is the limited understanding of the bioavailability and allergenicity of biofortified rice, which hinders its commercialization. There is also a need for more comprehensive studies on the environmental stability of identified QTLs and their interaction with different agronomic practices. The genetic basis of certain nutritional traits, such as anthocyanin content in weedy rice, is still not fully understood, limiting the potential use of these traits in breeding programs. Furthermore, the integration of new alleles and the manipulation of existing ones to improve both nutritional and cooking quality traits require more focused research. Future research should aim to bridge these gaps by focusing on the following areas. Bioavailability and safety: Conducting extensive studies on the bioavailability and potential allergenicity of biofortified rice to ensure consumer safety and acceptance. Environmental stability: Investigating the stability of QTLs and genes under various environmental conditions to develop robust rice varieties that maintain high nutritional quality across different growing environments. Advanced breeding techniques: Utilizing advanced genomic tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 for precise gene editing to introduce or modify alleles that enhance both nutritional and cooking quality traits. Comprehensive omics integration: Further integrating omics approaches to uncover new genetic resources and molecular pathways that can be targeted for nutritional improvement. Agronomic practices: Optimizing agronomic practices, including biofortification with essential elements, to complement genetic improvements and maximize the nutritional benefits of rice. Acknowledgments Sincerely thank the anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and suggestions on this article. Your meticulous review and constructive feedback have greatly improved the quality and depth of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bao J., 2019, Biotechnology for rice grain quality improvement, Rice, 2019: 443-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811508-4.00014-9 Bataller S., Villacastin A., Shen Q., and Bergman C., 2023, Comparative nutritional assessment and metabolomics of a WRKY rice mutant with enhanced germination rates, Agronomy, 13(4): 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041149 Birla D., Malik K., Sainger M., Chaudhary D., Jaiwal R., and Jaiwal P., 2017, Progress and challenges in improving the nutritional quality of rice Oryza sativa L., Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57: 2455-2481. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1084992 Calayugan M., Calayugan M., Formantes A., Formantes A., Amparado A., Descalsota-Empleo G., Descalsota-Empleo G., Nha C., Nha C., Inabangan-Asilo M., Swe Z., Hernandez J., Borromeo T., Lalusin A., Mendioro M., Diaz M., Viña C., Reinke R., and Swamy B., 2020, Genetic analysis of agronomic traits and grain iron and zinc concentrations in a doubled haploid population of rice Oryza sativa L., Scientific Reports, 13(4): 1149. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59184-z Das P., Adak S., and Majumder L., 2020, Genetic manipulation for improved nutritional quality in rice, Frontiers in Genetics, 11: 776. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00776 Descalsota G., Descalsota G., Swamy B., Zaw H., Inabangan-Asilo M., Amparado A., Mauleon R., Chadha-Mohanty P., Arocena E., Raghavan C., Leung H., Hernandez J., Lalusin A., Mendioro M., Diaz M., and Reinke R., 2018, Genome-wide association mapping in a rice MAGIC plus population detects QTLs and genes useful for biofortification, Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 1347. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01347 Descalsota-Empleo G., Amparado A., Inabangan-Asilo M., Tesoro F., Stangoulis J., Reinke R., and Swamy B., 2019, Genetic mapping of QTL for agronomic traits and grain mineral elements in rice, The Crop Journal, 9: 1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CJ.2019.03.002 Dhaliwal S., Sharma V., Shukla A., Verma V., Kaur M., Shivay Y., Nisar S., Gaber A., Brestič M., Bárek V., Skalický M., Ondrisik P., and Hossain A., 2022, Biofortification-a frontier novel approach to enrich micronutrients in field crops to encounter the nutritional security, Molecules, 27(4): 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041340 Diepenbrock C., and Gore M., 2015, Closing the divide between human nutrition and plant breeding, Crop Science, 55(4): 1437-1448. https://doi.org/10.2135/CROPSCI2014.08.0555
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