Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 265-276 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 274 such as sugar and ethylene, which modulate their activity at multiple levels. Specifically, the OsC1 gene in rice has been demonstrated to enhance anthocyanin production and improve oxidative stress tolerance, thereby underscoring its role in both pigmentation and stress response. Furthermore, the OsKala3 gene in rice has been identified as a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, particularly under environmental stress conditions. A comprehensive understanding of the environmental modulation of R2R3-MYB genes is of paramount importance for several reasons. Firstly, it provides insights into the complex regulatory networks that control anthocyanin biosynthesis, which is of great importance for understanding plant coloration and adaptation. This knowledge can facilitate the development of strategies to enhance the nutritional and aesthetic qualities of crops by manipulating anthocyanin levels. Secondly, the capacity of R2R3-MYB genes to respond to environmental stresses, including oxidative stress, cold, and salt, underscores their role in enhancing plant resilience and survival. This understanding can facilitate the development of crop varieties that are better adapted to changing environmental conditions, thereby ensuring food security. The findings from this paper have significant implications for the fields of agriculture and plant biology. By elucidating the role of R2R3-MYBgenes in anthocyanin biosynthesis and stress response, researchers can develop genetically modified crops with enhanced pigmentation and improved stress tolerance. This could result in the production of crops with enhanced nutritional value and superior market appeal. Moreover, the insights gained from studying the environmental modulation of these genes can inform breeding programs aimed at developing crop varieties that are more resilient to environmental stresses, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture. Further research should concentrate on investigating the interactions between R2R3-MYB genes and other regulatory pathways to gain a comprehensive understanding of their role in plant adaptation and development. Acknowledgments We appreciate the anonymous peer reviewers for their revision suggestions on the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. XNFZ2203), the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Xichang University (Grant No. YBZ202340), and the Key and Major Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan (Grant nos. 202202AE09002102). Conflict of Interest The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Albert N., Lewis D., Zhang H., Schwinn K., Jameson P., and Davies K., 2011, Members of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor family in Petunia are developmentally and environmentally regulated to control complex floral and vegetative pigmentation patterning, The Plant Journal, 65(5): 771-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04465.x Bao X., Zong Y., Hu N., Li S., Liu B., and Wang H., 2021, Functional R2R3-MYB transcription factor NsMYB1 regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis was relative to the fruit color differentiation in Nitraria sibirica Pall, BMC Plant Biology, 22(1): 186. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03561-5 Blanco E., Curci P., L., Manconi A., Sarli A., Zuluaga D., L., and Sonnante G., 2022, R2R3-MYBs in durum wheat: Genome-wide identification poaceae-specific clusters expression and regulatory dynamics under abiotic stresses, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 896945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.896945 Chen M., H., Pinson S., R., Jackson A., K., and Edwards J., D., 2023, Genetic loci regulating the concentrations of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in the pericarps of purple and red rice, The Plant Genome, 16: e20338. https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20338 Chen X., Li M., Ni J., Hou J., Shu X., Zhao W., Su P., Wang D., Shah F., Huang S., Liu Z., and Wu L., 2021, The R2R3-MYB transcription factor SsMYB1 positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and determines leaf color in Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum Roxb), Industrial Crops and Products, 164: 113335. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2021.113335 Feng K., Xu Z., Que F., Liu J., Wang F., and Xiong A., 2018, An R2R3-MYB transcription factor OjMYB1 functions in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Oenanthe javanica, Planta, 247: 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2783-8
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