Bioscience Methods 2026, Vol.17, No.3, 199-207 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 202 Table 2 shows that TSO improved the L-NAME-induced changes in lipid profile, with lipid levels approaching those of the control group. Table 2 Effects of TSO on serum lipid profile Parameters (mg/dL) Group A (Control) Group B Group C Group D Group E TC 158.00±13.64 162.40±13.70 161.60±15.31 152.80±8.64a,b 158.20±6.76 TG 58.80±9.47 62.80±8.80 58.80±4.15 79.40±14.27a,b 62.80±9.01 HDL-C 42.60±5.94 35.80±6.38 39.84±5.81 49.40±4.22a,b 45.80±6.57 LDL-C 132.40±13.94 140.00±17.73a 130.00±13.93 122.80±12.54a,b 129.80±13.04 Values are presented as mean ±SD (n = 8). A = Control; B = 40 mg/kg L-NAME; C = 40 mg/kg L-NAME + 0.45 mL/kg TSO; D = 40 mg/kg L-NAME + 0.6 mL/kg TSO; E = 40 mg/kg L-NAME + 2 mg/kg enalapril maleate. aP < 0.05 vs. A; bP < 0.05 vs. B L-NAME induced marked changes in liver function indices, including elevations in AST, ALT, and ALP activities, whereas TSO treatment attenuated these effects (Table 3). Table 3 Effects of TSO on serum liver enzyme activities Parameters Group A (Control) Group B Group C Group D Group E AST (U/L) 156.20±1.30 259.20±2.59a 168.20±1.79b 165.00±1.58b 161.40±1.14b ALT (U/L) 88.60±1.14 184.60±1.95a 80.60±2.07b 82.31±1.82b 78.20±0.84b ALP (U/L) 175.20±5.89 266.52±6.89a 184.00±7.07b 182.00±10.61b 165.60±7.57a,b TP (g/dL) 7.14±0.13 6.70±0.21a 7.10±0.19 7.10±0.21 7.58±0.16 ALB (g/dL) 4.02±0.15 3.62±0.24 3.98±0.23 3.96±0.25 3.52±1.23a TB (mg/dL) 0.52±0.16 0.56±0.15 0.54±0.26 0.70±0.21a,b 0.42±0.13a,b CB (mg/dL) 0.30±0.07 0.30±0.10 0.26±0.11 0.34±0.17 0.25±0.09 Values are expressed as mean ±SD (n = 8). A = Control; B = 40 mg/kg L-NAME; C = 40 mg/kg L-NAME + 0.45 mL/kg TSO; D = 40 mg/kg L-NAME + 0.6 mL/kg TSO; E = 40 mg/kg L-NAME + 2 mg/kg enalapril maleate. aP < 0.05 vs. A; bP < 0.05 vs. B There was an increase in cardiac MDA levels and impairment of antioxidant defenses, as reflected by reductions in CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH activities. TSO treatment mitigated these effects and improved cardiac antioxidant status (Table 4). Table 4 TSO effects on heart MDA levels and antioxidant enzymes Parameters GroupA (Control) Group B Group C Group D Group E MDA (nmol/mg protein) 13.31 ±5.13 26.11 ±2.30a 12.32 ±5.21 12.62 ±4.81 11.23 ±1.37 CAT (U/mg protein) 60.18 ±7.24 38.57 ±8.25a 49.80 ±4.15a,b 59.38 ±38.16 64.12 ±2.83 SOD (U/mg protein) 10.27 ±2.62 4.42 ±5.70a 12.89 ±0.94b 10.26 ±16.35b 14.00 ±1.24b GPx (U/mg protein) 20.31 ±2.75 10.21 ±8.02a 18.16 ±2.82b 20.14 ±13.36b 22.46 ±3.63b GSH (µmol/g protein) 7.71 ±2.92 3.28 ±4.39a 6.87 ±1.46b 7.37 ±1.29b 7.11 ±3.16b Values are expressed as mean ±SD (n = 8). A, Control; B, L-NAME (40 mg/kg); C, L-NAME + TSO (0.45 mL/kg); D, L-NAME + TSO (0.6 mL/kg); E, L-NAME + Enalapril Maleate (2 mg/kg). aP < 0.05 vs. A; bP < 0.05 vs. B Similarly, Table 5 demonstrates that L-NAME administration caused oxidative imbalance in the liver, characterized by elevated MDA levels and altered antioxidant markers. TSO supplementation partially restored these changes toward normal levels. Table 5 Effects of TSO on liver MDA and antioxidant enzymes Parameters Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E MDA (nmol/mg protein) 10.13 ±0.71 22.61 ±4.43a 13.32 ±2.26 14.45 ±5.11 12.21 ±6.39a,b CAT (U/mg protein) 60.31 ±5.11 30.42 ±3.37a 55.38 ±6.28 58.82 ±8.32 67.12 ±4.53 SOD (U/mg protein) 13.72 ±0.73 8.42 ±1.14a 10.62 ±2.47b 15.18 ±3.42b 12.00 ±2.71b GPx (U/mg protein) 16.48 ±7.01 9.43 ±6.38a 12.00±6.75a,b 17.19 ±2.76 19.56 ±7.38 GSH (µmol/g protein) 5.84 ±9.20 5.14 ±0.12 8.50 ±5.11a,b 8.87 ±7.45a,b 7.85 ±0.67a,b Values are expressed as mean ±SD (n = 8). A, Control; B, L-NAME (40 mg/kg); C, L-NAME + TSO (0.45 mL/kg); D, L-NAME + TSO (0.6 mL/kg); E, L-NAME + Enalapril Maleate (2 mg/kg). aP < 0.05 vs. A; bP < 0.05 vs. B
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