Bioscience Methods 2026, Vol.17, No.2, 67-81 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 80 In the chrysanthemum research landscape, future directions include microbiome management and integration of molecular tools, but the near-term “green cultivation system” for Hangbaiju can be built with already-available practice: preventive microbial inoculation strategies, selective botanicals such as azadirachtin where appropriate, and bloom-stage trapping to protect product cleanliness. The 2015–2025 chrysanthemum review explicitly frames microbiome management and integrated approaches as priorities for sustainable protection (Chen et al., 2025). In my judgment, the strongest sustainable pathway is one that respects Hangbaiju’s product identity: it is not a crop where “cosmetic damage” is acceptable, because the flower itself is consumed. Therefore, greens systems must protect both agronomic output and consumer confidence, and biological control fits best when it is implemented as a quality-protection strategy as much as a pest-suppression strategy (Cao et al., 2024). 8 Conclusion Biological control in Hangbaiju cultivation is not a single technology but a portfolio of tools that can be matched to the crop’s most sensitive windows—especially the narrow harvest period and the bloom-stage quality constraints of an edible flower. Evidence from chrysanthemum and Hangbaiju-relevant studies shows that microbial-based measures can provide meaningful disease suppression when used preventively, botanical pesticides can achieve operationally relevant reductions of aphid populations under protected cultivation, and natural enemies can substantially suppress pests such as thrips when their life cycles are strategically targeted. Integrated approaches generally outperform single methods in robustness. The strongest designs are layered: preventive microbial management for soil and early-season health, selective botanicals when rapid suppression is necessary, and bloom-stage non-spray measures such as attractant-baited trapping to protect “clean product” outcomes. The key future direction is to translate these strategies into standardized, farmer-friendly protocols that fit local labor constraints and preserve consumer trust in Hangbaiju as an edible, health-associated product. Acknowledgments The author expresses deep gratitude to Professor R. Cai from the Zhejiang Agronomist College for his thorough review of the manuscript and constructive suggestions. The author also extends thanks to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their valuable revision recommendations. Reference Baldin E.L.L., Schlick-Souza E.C., Soares M.C.E., Lopes N.P., Lopes J.L.C., Bogorni P.C., and Vendramim J.D., 2020, Insecticidal and inhibitory effects of Meliaceae and Asteraceae extracts to silverleaf whitefly, Horticultura Brasileira, 38(3): 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620200307 Cao Y., Han S., Li J., Huang G., Han B., and Wang M., 2024, Chemical and visual cues from Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivar 'Hangbaiju' plant to attract Macrosiphoniella sanborni during its blooming stage and their application against the aphid, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 44(6): 2609-2620. Cao Z., Shentu X., and Yu X., 2019, Identification of the pathogens causing Fusarium wilt disease in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat and control effect of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628, Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 35(2): 265-271. Chen Y., Han L., Ye T., and Xie C., 2025, Research progress on diseases and pests of chrysanthemum (2015-2025), International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(19): 9767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199767 El-Sayed I.M., and El-Ziat R.A., 2021, Utilization of environmentally friendly essential oils on enhancing the postharvest characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cut flowers, Heliyon, 7: e05909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05909 Fu X., Su J., Yu K., Cai Y., Zhang F., Chen S., Fang W., Chen F., and Guan Z., 2018, Genetic variation and association mapping of aphid (Macrosiphoniella sanborni) resistance in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifoliumRamat), Euphytica, 214: 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-2085-z Hutapea D., Rahardjo I.B., Rachmawati F., Yulia N.D., and Budiarto K., 2024, Efficacy of some botanical insecticides against Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on chrysanthemum, Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research, 56: 12173. https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2024.12173 Jung D.O., Hwang H.S., Kim S.Y., and Lee K.Y., 2019, Biological control of thrips using a self-produced predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) in the greenhouse chrysanthemum, Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 58(3): 233-238. Kilani-Morakchi S., Morakchi-Goudjil H., and Sifi K., 2021, Azadirachtin-based insecticide: Overview, risk assessments, and future directions, Frontiers in Agronomy, 3: 676208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.676208
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