Bioscience Methods 2026, Vol.17, No.2, 67-81 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/bm 75 Table 1 Traceable effect benchmarks from recent chrysanthemum/Hangbaiju-relevant biological control studies. (Values are reported outcomes from cited sources; they are not newly generated data.) Control category Target problem Example intervention (study context) Reported effect indicator Practical note for Hangbaiju adoption Natural enemy (predatory mite) Thrips (soil stage contribution) Stratiolaelaps scimitus releases in greenhouse chrysanthemum 74.9% reduction vs. untreated greenhouse by late September Strong where thrips pupate in soil; complements foliage management and reduces spray dependence during hot seasons (Jung et al., 2019). Botanical insecticide Aphids on chrysanthemum (Aphis gossypii) Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract, 3.0–3.5 g/L, plastic house Average efficacy 76% and 72% at 3.0 and3.5g/L Suggests botanicals can deliver operationally meaningful suppression, but consistency and timing are crucial (Hutapea et al., 2024). Microbial biocontrol (meta-level) Plant diseases (broad) Bacillus-based BCAs across studies (2000–2021 synthesis) ~60% disease reduction vs. negative controls Highlights preventive-strength principle; informs expectation management and program design (Serrão et al., 2024). Microbial metabolite (Hangbaiju-focused) Fusarium-related wilt in chrysanthemum Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628 metabolites vs. Fusarium incarnatum Protective > therapeutic effects reported in pot trials Supports preventive use and integration with soil management; direct Hangbaiju relevance (Cao et al., 2019). Behavioral/physical control (Hangbaiju field) Bloom-stage aphid contamination risk (M. sanborni) Yellow sticky boards baited with complex aphid sexual attractant; trap spacing 7 m × 8m Trapping control effect superior to imidacloprid spray (qualitative superiority claim in abstract) Especially aligned with bloom-stage “clean product” needs; reduces need for late spraying (Cao et al., 2024).
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