Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.2, 92-103 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 100 8.2 Climate change and disease dynamics Climate change is expected to increase disease pressure by altering temperature, humidity, and rainfall patterns, thereby shifting pathogen distributions and promoting outbreaks. Studies predict that many plant pathogens will expand their geographic ranges and occur more frequently, which could significantly impact tomato production and food security (de Almeida et al., 2020). Field evidence from Nepal shows that changes in temperature and precipitation are closely associated with increased incidence of late blight, leaf curl disease, and black spot in tomato, forcing farmers to use more pesticides to maintain yields (Bhandari et al., 2021). In addition, emerging viruses such as ToBRFV are spreading into new regions, a process partly driven by both climate change and global trade. 8.3 Future breeding directions Future breeding will increasingly rely on multi-omics integration and advanced analytical approaches. The combined application of transcriptomics, ionomics, and other omics technologies in tomato has identified candidate genes and SNPs associated with resistance to late blight and ToBRFV, providing a basis for developing more precise molecular markers and functional targets (Deb et al., 2023). Further studies emphasize the need to integrate genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and effectoromics to better understand resistance mechanisms and guide the design of durable resistance (Adhikari et al., 2020). Artificial intelligence-assisted breeding and phenotyping are becoming key tools. Image-based high-throughput phenotyping in tomato bacterial wilt research can detect subtle quantitative differences and identify new QTLs earlier than manual scoring. In addition, integrating multi-omics data with machine learning to predict resistance phenotypes is considered an important future direction, highlighting the potential of intelligent breeding platforms to accelerate the development of disease-resistant crops (Cembrowska-Lech et al., 2023). Author Contributions The authors appreciate Dr Fang from the Hainan Institution of Biotechnology for her assistance in references collection and discussion for this work completion. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abbasi S., Sadeghi A., Omidvari M., and Tahan V., 2021, The stimulators and responsive genes to induce systemic resistance against pathogens: An exclusive focus on tomato as a model plant, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 33: 101993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101993 Acharya B., Dutta S., Dutta S., and Chattopadhyay A., 2018, Breeding tomato for simultaneous improvement of processing quality, fruit yield, and dual disease tolerance, International Journal of Vegetable Science, 24(5): 407-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2018.1427648 Acharya N., Kumar M., Bag S., Cloud C., Torrance T., Simmons A., Kumari M., Romero E., and McAvoy T., 2025, Performance of tomato cultivars under natural tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) pressure in Georgia, USA, Plant Disease, online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-25-0469-RE Adhikari P., Adhikari T.B., Louws F.J., and Panthee D.R., 2020, Advances and challenges in bacterial spot resistance breeding in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(5): 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051734 Adhikari P., Oh Y., and Panthee D.R., 2017, Current status of early blight resistance in tomato: An update, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(10): 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102019 Adhikari T.B., Siddique M.I., Louws F.J., Sim S.C., and Panthee D.R., 2023, Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to early blight in tomatoes, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1135884. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1135884 Akotowanou O.C.A., Adjou E.S., Olubi A.B., Kougblenou S.D., Ahoussi E.D., and SohounhlouéD.C., 2022, The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in community development: An overview focused on nutritional properties, agronomic constraints, recent achievements and future prospective, International Journal of Frontiers in Biology and Pharmacy Research, 3(2): 008-016. https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfbpr.2022.3.2.0061
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