Bioscience Evidence 2026, Vol.16, No.1, 39-51 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 48 vegetation can also support biological control through ground cover and hedgerows, as long as disruptive practices like broad-spectrum pesticides and intensive tillage are minimized. Orchards managed under organic or biodynamic systems, including agroforestry systems, generally show better soil properties than conventional citrus orchards. These include improved chemical properties (higher pH, phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, and soil organic carbon), better physical structure (lower bulk density and improved porosity), and stronger biological activity (higher enzyme activity and soil fauna feeding) (Pilon et al., 2023). Agroforestry citrus systems can reach soil quality levels similar to forests aged 40-200 years. Rich herbaceous vegetation, especially species from the Fabaceae family, plays an important role by providing green manure and ecological services. In the future, high-density orchards can integrate agroforestry practices or diverse ground covers between rows to maintain soil structure, organic matter, and biodiversity. Managing drip irrigation at about 70% of field capacity, combined with alginate oligosaccharide treatment, can improve yield, sugar content, sucrose levels, and the efficiency of potassium and water use (with potassium use efficiency increasing by up to 62%). It also improves root growth, soil aggregate stability, and increases available potassium and cation exchange capacity in the topsoil, while reducing deep leaching losses (Li et al., 2024). Low-input practices such as organic fertilization, field margin vegetation, and integrated pest management are practical and cost-effective ways to reduce environmental impact. However, better technical guidance and demonstration are still needed to promote their wider adoption. Author Contributions We are grateful to Ms. Yan for her critically reading the manuscript and providing valuable feedback. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ali A., and Imran M., 2021, Remotely sensed real-time quantification of biophysical and biochemical traits of Citrus (Citrus sinensis L.) fruit orchards - A review, Scientia Horticulturae, 282: 110024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110024 Al-Saif A., Abdel-Aziz H., Khalifa S., Elnaggar I., El-Wahed A., Farouk M., and Hamdy A., 2023, Pruning boosts growth, yield, and fruit quality of old Valencia orange trees: a field study, Agriculture, 13(9): 1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091720 Ampatzidis Y., Partel V., and Costa L., 2020, Agroview: cloud-based application to process, analyze and visualize UAV-collected data for precision agriculture utilizing artificial intelligence, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 174: 105457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105457 Ampatzidis Y., Partel V., Meyering B., and Albrecht U., 2019, Citrus rootstock evaluation utilizing UAV-based remote sensing and artificial intelligence, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 164: 104900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.104900 Atta A., Morgan K., Hamido S., and Kadyampakeni D., 2024, Irrigation optimization enhances water management and tree performance in commercial citrus groves on sandy soil, Irrigation Science, 43: 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-024-00938-2 Avioz D., Linker R., Raveh E., Baram S., and Paz-Kagan T., 2025, Multi-scale remote sensing for sustainable citrus farming: predicting canopy nitrogen content using UAV-satellite data fusion, Smart Agricultural Technology, 11: 100906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100906 Azevedo F., Almeida R., Martinelli R., Prospero A., Licerre R., Conceição P., Arantes A., Dovis V., Boaretto R., and Mattos D., 2020, No-tillage and high-density planting for Tahiti acid lime grafted onto Flying Dragon trifoliate orange, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4: 108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00108 Carvalho D., Júnior R., Yada I., and Tazima Z., 2022, Trifoliate orange-related rootstocks enhance the horticultural performance of 'Shamouti' sweet orange under humid subtropical condition, Agriculture, 12(11): 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111782 Castle W., 1980, Fibrous root distribution of 'Pineapple' orange trees on rough lemon rootstock at three tree spacings, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 105(3): 478-483. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.105.3.478
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