International Journal of Marine Science, 2026, Vol.16, No.3, 166-179 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 178 system choice and intensity to cost structure. Reviews of cost-benefit analysis show that production-system assessment should account for environmental externalities as well as direct financial returns, while empirical evidence from intensive aquaculture indicates that higher-performing systems can lower unit costs by spreading fixed costs across greater output, even though technologies such as RAS remain vulnerable to feed and energy prices and therefore require careful control of electricity, water, and feed use. 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