International Journal of Aquaculture, 2026, Vol.16, No.4, 243-281 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 275 immunostimulants examined did not have a significant effect on the ESR in both healthy and Aeromonas infected fish, as compared to the control group. The present results align with the findings of Harkal et al. (2011) who observed a rise in ESR from 7.25 mm/h to 8.10 mm/hr over a period of 24 to 96 hours respectively, in presence of a 15-ppm concentration of aqueous garlic extract. Similarly, they noted an increase in ESR from 7.80 mm/h to 9.11 mm/h over the same time frame. Moreover, it has been indicated that an elevation in ESR might be attributed to an augmentation in the level of fibrinogen, resulting in fibrinogenemia, which can be caused by exposure to garlic or by chemical compounds such as sulphur. Similarly, Wu et al. (2013) found that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate reduced in the groups receiving dosages of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg. In the groups receiving dosages of 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg, the ESR reduced from days 0 to 14, but rise from days 28 to 56. Malla et al. (2009) and Kumar & Benerjee (1990) have documented an elevation in ESR in Channa punctatus and Clarias batrachus following a seven-day exposure to chlorpyrifos. 5 Conclusion It is concluded that the infected fish fed with all the five selected immunostimulant mixed feed exhibited lower lengths than the normal fish fed with immunostimulant diets. Among all the tested feeds, Aeromonas- infected fish fed with vitamin C mixed feed exhibited greater body length gain. The tested immunostimulants significantly enhance the Hemoglobin percentage, as well as RBC, WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocyte count; decrease the eosinophil count and not shown a significant impact on the basophils count and ESR in both healthy and Aeromonas infected fish when compared to the control feed administered group. Thus, among the above selected immunostimulants, Vitamin C and Vitamin E have shown better impact on the morphometry and haematology of Cata catla fish under Aeromonas hydrophila infected conditions and restored all the above parameters as in healthy fish. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to the Head of the Dept. of Zoology & Aquaculture, ANU for providing necessary facilities to carry out this work. The authors are thankful to the Co-ordinator of International Student Cell and higher authorities of Acharya Nagarjuna University for the support in completing this work. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors declare that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Aathi K., Ramasubramanian V., Venkatachalam U., and Munirasu S., 2013, Effect of chitosan supplemented diet on survival, growth, hematological, biochemical and immunological responses of Indian major carp Labeo rohita, International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 4(5): 141-147. https://doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.04529 Abdel Rahman A.N., Khalil A.A., Abdallah H.M., and ElHady M., 2018, The effects of the dietary supplementation of Echinacea purpurea extract and/or vitamin C on the intestinal histomorphology, phagocytic activity, and gene expression of the Nile tilapia. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 82: 312-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.024 Abdel-Ghany H.M., and Salem M.E.S., 2019, Effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on farmed fish; a review, Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(1): 438-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12326 Abdelkhalek N.K., Zaki V.H. and Yousef M., 2008, Effect of some immunostimulants on health status and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA VIII), pages1037-1088. Abdel-Tawwab M., Mounes H.A., Shady S.H. and Ahmed K.M., 2020, Effects of yucca, Yucca schidigera, extract and/or yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as water additives on growth, biochemical, and antioxidants/oxidant biomarkers of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Aquaculture, 533: 736122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736122 Adams S.M., 2005, Assessing cause and effect of multiple stressors on marine systems. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51: 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.040 Ahmad M.R., 1982, Leucocytes of Clarias batrachus (L). With special reference to body weight, Indian Journal of Zoology, 23(2): 105-111. Ahmad S.I., Ahmad R., Khan M.S., Kant R., Shahid S., Gautam L., Hasan G.M. and Hassan M.I., 2020, Chitin and its derivatives: Structural properties and biomedical applications, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164: 526-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.098 Ahmed N. and Thompson S., 2019, The blue dimensions of aquaculture: A global synthesis, Science of the Total Environment, 652: 851-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.163
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