International Journal of Aquaculture, 2026, Vol.16, No.3, 184-195 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 192 Table 7 Antimicrobial susceptibility profile for Plesiomonas isolate Antibiotic class Antibiotic tested Susceptibility pattern Disc code P (µg) Sensitive Intermediate Resistant N % N % N % Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin CIP 5 24 60 8 20 8 20 Tetracyclines Tetracycline TET 10 23 57.5 0 0 17 42.5 Sulfonamides Cotrimoxazole COT 25 28 70 5 12.5 7 17.5 Aminoglycosides Gentamicin GEN 10 40 100 0 0 0 0 Amikacin AMK 30 40 100 0 0 0 0 Cephems Ceftazidime CPZ 30 4 10 5 12.5 31 77.5 Cefotaxime CTX 30 0 0 0 0 40 100 Cefuroxime CRX 30 0 0 0 0 40 100 Ceftriaxone CTR 30 14 35 11 27.5 15 37.5 Phenicols Chloramphenicol CHR 10 26 65 5 12.5 9 22.5 Glycopeptides Vancomycin VAN 30 8 20 4 10 28 70 Carbapenems Meropenem MEM 10 2 5 3 7.5 35 87.5 Keys: N – number of isolates Table 8 Multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotypes of Plesiomonas shigelloides No of antibiotics Resistance Pattern Frequency 2 Ceph- carb 4 3 Ceph- Carb- phe 1 Tet- Ceph- Carb 1 Ceph- Gly- Carb 8 4 Sul- Ceph- Phe- Carb 1 Flu- Phe- Gly- Carb 2 Ceph- Gly- Carb- Phe 1 Tet- Ceph- Carb- Gly 13 5 Tet- Ceph- Sul - Gly- Carb 4 Tet- Ceph- Phe- Gly- Carb 2 6 Flu- Tet- Ceph- Phe- Gly- Carb 1 KEY: Ceph, Cephems; Gly, Glycopeptides; Carb, Carbapenems; Tet, Tetracyclines; Sul, Sulfonamides; Phe, Phenicols; Ami, Aminoglycosides; Flu, Fluoroquinolones 5 Discussion The result of the study revealed that water quality parameters such as pH, temperature and total dissolved solids measured every two weeks show variation in the values obtained among these parameters and there was a significant difference (p< 0.05) among the experimental ponds. The water quality values observed in this study are comparable to those reported by Olaifa and Bello (2011) who reported a temperature of 25℃~28℃ and pH of 6- 8.5 for C. gariepinus on feed supplemented with walnut leaves and onion bulb-based diet. This finding supports the report of Olusola and Olorunfemi (2017) who observed a temperature range of 28 ℃~30 ℃ and pH of 5.70 - 6.19 for C. gariepinus fed guava (Psidium guajava) leaves and drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves extracts supplemented diet. This finding also aligns with the report of Omotayo et al. (2006). The value of total dissolved solid obtained was within the acceptable limit (2000 mg/L) by Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO (2013) for culture water. Most microbes are transients in aquatic animals and may change rapidly with the intrusion of microbes coming from water and food. The growing demand for fish, and food safety is an essential element to consider since these animals can be vehicles for the transmission of various pathogens (Cortes-Sanchez et al., 2021). The result of this
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