International Journal of Aquaculture, 2026, Vol.16, No.3, 166-183 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 181 protected area development and fisheries management measures. Incorporating these strategies into national aquaculture development plans will help maintain genetic diversity in both wild and cultured populations and provide a solid foundation for future breeding improvement. Future research on grouper genetic diversity should increasingly rely on high-throughput genomic technologies and integrate genetic variation with production traits and adaptive potential. Whole-genome resequencing and reduced-representation methods such as RAD-seq and ddRAD can provide high-density SNP data for fine-scale population structure analysis, detection of selection signals, and genomic selection of traits such as growth, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability—approaches that have already proven successful in species such as salmonids. At the same time, low-cost, species-specific genotyping tools (e.g., targeted SNP panels) suitable for small and medium-sized aquaculture enterprises should be developed, and the effects of different detection strategies (e.g., sequencing depth and marker density) on genetic diversity and kinship assessment should be systematically evaluated. At the ecological level, integrating population genomics with marine environmental factors and tagging technologies can further optimize the delineation of management units, particularly for heavily exploited species such as Nassau grouper and brown grouper. In addition, incorporating genetic data into stock enhancement evaluation, studies of interactions between cultured and wild populations, and emerging biotechnologies (e.g., genomic selection, surrogate broodstock technology, and gene editing) will help develop breeding and conservation strategies that balance production efficiency with genetic security. Ultimately, such integrated approaches will ensure the long-term health and sustainable utilization of grouper germplasm resources. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ai C.H., Lin Y.L., Chen M.Z., and Xia J.H., 2025, eDNA-based evaluation of the haplotypic diversity of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in stock enhancement areas of Wanshan Archipelago, Marine Biotechnology, 27(4): 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-025-10471-8 Chen Y., Luo Z., Zhang Z., Luo Z., Ren M., He X., Lin H., and Yan Y., 2025, Genetic pattern and demographic history of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in the South China Sea by the influence of Pleistocene climatic oscillations, Ecology and Evolution, 15(2): e70967. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70967 Das S.K., Xiang T.W., Noor N.M., De M., Mazumder S.K., and Goutham-Bharathi M.P., 2021, Temperature physiology in grouper (Epinephelinae: Serranidae) aquaculture: A brief review, Aquaculture Reports, 20: 100682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100682 Fadli N., Damora A., Muchlisin Z., Dewiyanti I., Ramadhaniaty M., Razi N., Jamaluddin, Macusi E.D., and Siti-Azizah M.N., 2023, Phylogeographic insights of five co-habiting grouper species in the Indo-Malaya Archipelago, HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 30(4): 743-756. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.30.4.743-756 González-Salas C., Villegas-Hernández H., Poot-López G., Pech-Puch D., Guillén-Hernández S., and Barrera-Guzmán A., 2020, Genetic population structure of black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) in the northern coast of Yucatan, Regional Studies in Marine Science, 37: 101327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101327 Hassanien H., and Al-Rashada Y., 2020, Assessment of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among grouper species Epinephelus spp. from the Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28: 1779-1786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.020 He H., Tian H., Wang X., Peng L., Zhong L., Qi P., and Ma B., 2025, Genetic diversity of Gymnocypris firmispinatus: Insights from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA among wild, broodstock source, and broodstock populations, Aquaculture Reports, 42: 102767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102767 Houston R.D., Bean T.P., Macqueen D.J., Gundappa M.K., Jin Y.H., Jenkins T.L., Selly S.L.C., Martin S.A.M., Stevens J.R., Santos E.M., Davie A., and Robledo D., 2020, Harnessing genomics to fast-track genetic improvement in aquaculture, Nature Reviews Genetics, 21: 389-409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-020-0227-y Hsu T.H., Chu P.Y., Gong H.Y., Nan F.H., and Huang C.W., 2024, Utilizing ISSRseq genotyping to assist growth selection in tomato grouper (Cephalopholis sonnerati) without broodstock information, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 55(2): e13035. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.13035
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