IJA_2026v16n3

International Journal of Aquaculture, 2026, Vol.16, No.3, 141-148 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 147 nanotechnology-assisted approaches—will be essential. Finally, strengthening the linkage between scientific research and environmental policy through standardized monitoring frameworks and risk assessment tools will be critical for effective management and long-term protection of aquatic ecosystems. Conflict of Interest Author declares that there is no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledges the research institutes working in India and elsewhere for gathering the data, referring publications on the subject and Google research scholars, research reports pertaining the reviews on the subject including the web based information for preparing the manuscript. References Ali H., Khan E., and Ilahi I., 2019, Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals, Chemosphere, 218: 442-457. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305 Aus der Beek T., Weber F.A., Bergmann A., Hickmann S., Ebert I., Hein A., and Küster A., 2016, Pharmaceuticals in the environment-Global occurrences and perspectives, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(4): 823-835. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3339 Authman M.M.N., Zaki M.S., Khallaf E.A., and Abbas H.H., 2015, Use of fish as bio-indicators of the effects of heavy metals pollution, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 112: 1-10. Daughton C.G., and Ternes T.A., 1999, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change?, Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(Suppl 6): 907-938. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s6907 Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Bourguignon J. P., Giudice L.C., Hauser R., Prins G.S., Soto A.M., Zoeller R.T., and Gore A.C., 2009, Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an endocrine society scientific statement, Endocrine reviews, 30(4): 293-342. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0002 Fent K., Weston A.A., and Caminada D., 2006, Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals, Aquatic Toxicology, 76(2): 122-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.009 Gavrilescu M., DemnerováK., Aamand J., Agathos S., and Fava F., 2015, Emerging pollutants in the environment: Present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation, New Biotechnology, 32(1): 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.01.001 Jaishankar M., Tseten T., Anbalagan N., Mathew B., and Beeregowda K.N., 2014, Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of heavy metals, Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 7(2): 60-72. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009 Jobling S., Nolan M., Tyler C.R., Brighty G., and Sumpter J.P., 2003, Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish, Environmental Science and Technology, 37(6): 1053-1061. Kumar V., Parihar R.D., Sharma A., Bakshi P., Sidhu G.P.S., Bali A.S., Karaouzas I., Bhardwaj R., Thukral A.K., and Gyasi-Agyei Y., 2023, Heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems and associated human health risks, Science of the Total Environment, 857: 159369. Kumar V., Parihar R.D., Sharma A., Bakshi P., Sidhu G.P.S., Bali A.S., Karaouzas I., Bhardwaj R., Thukral A.K., and Gyasi-Agyei Y., 2019, Global evaluation of heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems, Chemosphere, 216: 561-576. Livingstone D.R., 2001, Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(8): 656-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00060-1 Luoma S.N., and Rainbow P.S., 2015, Why is metal bioaccumulation so variable? Biodynamics as a unifying concept, Environmental Science and Technology, 49(4): 1936-1943. Lushchak V.I., 2011, Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals, Aquatic Toxicology, 101(1): 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006 Monteiro D.A., Almeida J.A., Rantin F.T., and Kalinin A.L., 2010, Oxidative stress biomarkers in fish exposed to environmental pollutants, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 151(3): 356-364. Moore M.N., Depledge M.H., Readman J.W., and Leonard D.R.P., 2004, An integrated biomarker-based strategy for ecological risk assessment, Marine Environmental Research, 58: 351-356. Noyes P.D., McElwee M.K., Miller H.D., et al., 2009, The toxicology of climate change, Environment International, 35(6): 971-986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.02.006 Qu X., Alvarez P.J., and Li Q., 2013, Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment, Water Research, 47(12): 3931-3946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.058 Rai P., Kumar V., Lee S., and Kim K., 2021, Environmental fate and ecotoxicology of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19: 343-357.

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