International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 155-164 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 163 particularly in rural areas. The high percentage of carcass meat obtained from fish fed on the on-farm-made diet demonstrates its potential for successful aquaculture production. Additionally, using locally sourced ingredients, such as fishmeal substitutes with high protein content, makes on-farm-made feed both economically viable and beneficial for long-term sustainability in aquaculture. Given that commercial feed costs approximately ZMW 50 per kg, on-farm-made feed presents a more accessible and resource-efficient option for small-scale farmers. Funding The authors declare no funding for this research Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Kapasa Makasa Univeristy for the lab analysis. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. 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