International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 135-148 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 146 have different environmental adaptability and production performance, and the most matching strain and breeding model should be selected according to local environmental conditions to achieve the unity of maximization of yield and minimize risk. The comprehensive model can also evaluate the effect of environmental changes on genetic improvement effects. In some areas with significant warming climates, the originally selected strains may experience "ecological deviations" such as rapid growth and early sexual maturity. The model can simulate the results of different breeding strategies in new environments, thereby guiding the adjustment of breeding targets (such as increasing the weight of thermal traits). Comprehensive environmental-genetic models can also provide scientific basis for aquaculture risk management. By incorporating the probability of extreme weather events, biological invasion risks, biosecurity measures, etc. into the model, the comprehensive risk score for the development of tilapia farming in a certain area can be used. If the score is too high, you should be cautious in launching or take strengthening measures to reduce risks. Finally, such models can also be used for industrial policy formulation and international cooperation. For example, predict the possible changes in the tilapia production capacity pattern of various countries under the background of global climate change, so as to layout market and trade strategies in advance; for emerging regions suitable for breeding, they can help them develop the tilapia industry through assistance or technical cooperation to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. Acknowledgments Authors would like to thank all teachers and colleagues who provided guidance and assistance during this research, and for the peer review's revision suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Abid M., Amjad M., Munir K., Siddique H., and Jurcut A., 2024, IoT-based smart biofloc monitoring system for fish farming using machine learning, IEEE Access, 12: 86333-86345. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3384263 Acosta-Pérez V.J., Vega-Sánchez V., Fernández-Martínez T.E., Zepeda-Velázquez A.P., Reyes-Rodríguez N., Ponce-Noguez J., Peláez-Acero A., De-La-Rosa-Arana J., and Gómez-De-Anda F., 2022, Physicochemical water quality influence on the parasite biodiversity in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) farmed at valle del mezquital in the central-eastern socioeconomic region of Mexico, Pathogens, 11(10): 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101076 Ansah Y., Frimpong E., and Hallerman E., 2014, Genetically-improved tilapia strains in Africa: potential benefits and negative impacts, Sustainability, 6: 3697-3721. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU6063697 Barroso R.M., Muñoz A.E.P., and Cai J., 2019, Social and economic performance of tilapia farming in Brazil, FAO, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca5304en Bentsen H., Gjerde B., Eknath A., Vera M., Velasco R., Danting J., Dionisio E., Longalong F., Reyes R., Abella T., Tayamen M., and Ponzoni R., 2017, Genetic improvement of farmed tilapias: Response to five generations of selection for increased body weight at harvest in Oreochromis niloticus and the further impact of the project, Aquaculture, 468: 206-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2016.10.018 Burggren W., Mendez-Sanchez J., Bautista G., Peña E., Garcia R., and González C., 2019, Developmental changes in oxygen consumption and hypoxia tolerance in the heat and hypoxia-adapted tabasco line of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with a survey of the metabolic literature for the genus Oreochromis, Journal of Fish Biology, 94(5): 732-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13945 Camargo A.F.M., and Amorim R.V., 2020, Fish farming in cages: a practice to be restricted in Brazil, Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 32: e101. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x5519 Cassemiro F., Bailly D., Da Graça W., and Agostinho A., 2017, The invasive potential of tilapias (Osteichthyes Cichlidae) in the Americas, Hydrobiologia, 817: 133-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3471-1 Chen C., Li B., Gu X., Lin H., and Xia J., 2018, Marker-assisted selection of YY supermales from a genetically improved farmed tilapia-derived strain, Zoological Research, 40: 108-112. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.071
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