International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 38-47 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 44 Figure 2 Genetic structure of 48 tomato grouper individuals. (a) The cross-validation error for tomato grouper according to the admixture value K. (b) Best clustering results for tomato grouper (K = 3). (c) Relatedness network with the best clusters. Relatedness values (>0.4) were used. Four individuals (S01, S02, S17 and S22) cluster with any other samples, suggesting they can be excluding from potential family relationship (Adopted from Hsu et al., 2024) Image caption: The figure shows that K=3 is the optimal number of clusters, which clearly divides the three lineages into fast-growing (F), medium-growing (M) and slow-growing (S). Figure 3b shows that the proportion of fast-growing individuals in the F lineage is as high as 80%. After further eliminating unrelated individuals in Figure 3c, the proportion of fast-growing individuals in the F lineage increased to 92.3%, verifying the high correlation between lineage division and growth traits (Adapted from Hsu et al., 2024) Figure 3 The predicted growth signaling pathway in Hyb based on the regulation of actin cytoskeleton of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway database. Genes marked red are verified by qRT-PCR (Adopted from Cao et al., 2024) 7 Challenges in Grouper Genomic Breeding 7.1 Limitations in current GS applications Although genomic selection (GS) of grouper has made some progress, it is still constrained by multiple factors, the most important of which is the lack of high-quality, comprehensive reference genomes and detailed gene annotation information. At present, studies have constructed chromosome-level genome assemblies for species
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