International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 20-28 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 27 9.3 Integrated outlook The research on the feather color of domestic geese is becoming increasingly in-depth with the development of sequencing technology and functional genomics. To truly break through the current research bottleneck, it is necessary to collaborate across multiple disciplines and combine large-scale genomic data, comparative analysis and experimental verification. Such research is helpful for a clearer understanding of the genetic structure of feather color traits, improving the breeding efficiency of geese, and deepening the understanding of the entire coloring mechanism of birds. Acknowledgments The authors appreciates the comments from Dr. Yue on the manuscript of this study and thanks to the two team members for helping to organize the literature materials. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Azalou M., Assani A.S., Kpomasse C.C., Tona K., Alkoiret I.T., and Pitala W., 2024, Phenotypic and morphometric characterization of domestic geese raised in northern Benin, Poultry Science, 103(4): 103563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103563 Banerjee S., 2013, Morphological traits of duck and geese breeds of West Bengal, India, Animal Genetic Resources, 52: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2078633612000451 Cheng Y.S., Rouvier R., Hu Y.H., Tai J.J.L., and Tai C., 2003, Breeding and genetics of waterfowl, World's Poultry Science Journal, 59(4):509-519. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20030032 Devrim A.K., Kaya N., Guven A., and Kocer B., 2007, Genetic diversity of local geese of varying productivity and feather color in Kars, Biochemical Genetics, 45: 515-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-007-9092-z Feng Z., Gong H., Mabrouk I., Fu J., Li C., Liu Z., Tian X., Sun L., Guo K., Sui Y., Zhou Y., Song Y., Min C., Niu J., Yan X., Xu X., and Sun Y., 2022, Breed-specific expression mode of the Wnt signalling pathway is involved in feather follicle morphogenesis between Anser cygnoide and Anser anser, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 50: 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2022.2066676 Gao G., Zhang H., Ni J., Zhao X., Zhang K., Wang J., Kong X., and Wang Q., 2023, Insights into genetic diversity and phenotypic variations in domestic geese through comprehensive population and pan-genome analysis, Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 14: 150. Gladbach A., Gladbach D.J., Kempenaers B., and Quillfeldt P., 2010, Female-specific colouration, carotenoids and reproductive investment in a dichromatic species, the upland goose Chloephaga picta leucoptera, 64: 1779-1789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-0990-4 Hamadani H., and Khan A., 2016, Morphological characterization with special reference to color variations in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus), The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 86(4): 445-448. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v86i4.57779 Huang J., Zhou B., He D.Q., Chen S.Y., Zhu Q., Yao Y.G., and Liu Y.P., 2014, Sequence variation of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene and association with plumage color in domestic geese, The Journal of Poultry Science, 51: 270-274. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0130066 Ji G., Zhang M., Liu Y., Shan Y., Tu Y., Ju X., Zou J., Shu J., Wu J., and Xie J., 2021, A gene co-expression network analysis of the candidate genes and molecular pathways associated with feather follicle traits of chicken skin, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 138(1): 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12481 Kozák J., 2011, An overview of feathers formation, moults and down production in geese, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 24(6): 881-887. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10325 Lin X.F., 2024, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing for enhancing disease resistance in cattle, Animal Molecular Breeding, 14(2): 178-186. https://doi.org/10.5376/amb.2024.14.0010 Liu Y., Weng K., Li G., Wang H., Tan Y., and He D., 2025, Genetic and metabolic mechanisms underlying webbed feet pigmentation in geese: Insights from histological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses, Poultry Science, 104(8): 105233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105233 Martsev A., 2020, Origin and exterior features analysis of geese breeds genealogical groups in Russian gene pool herd, E3S Web Conf., 203: 01025. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020301025
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