International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 235-243 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 238 While significant progress has been made in NDV vaccine development, ongoing research is essential to address challenges related to vaccine application, stability, and efficacy against diverse NDV strains. 4 Case Study: Successful Eradication of Newcastle Disease through Vaccination 4.1 Introduction to the case study region/area The case study focuses on a region where Newcastle disease (ND) has historically posed significant challenges to poultry health and economic stability. In many developing countries, ND is a major cause of poultry mortality, impacting smallholder farms and commercial operations alike (Shi et al., 2024). The region selected for this case study has a diverse poultry population, including specific pathogen-free (SPF), native, and commercial chickens, which are all susceptible to ND outbreaks (Abdoshah et al., 2022). The local poultry industry is crucial for the economy, providing both nutritional and economic benefits to the community (Otiang et al., 2021). 4.2 Initial ND outbreaks and response strategies Initial outbreaks of ND in the region were characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, severely affecting poultry production and leading to significant economic losses (Tatár-Kis et al., 2020; Otiang et al., 2021). The response strategies initially employed included quarantine measures and culling of infected flocks, which were not sufficient to control the spread of the disease. The lack of effective vaccination programs contributed to the persistence of the virus in the poultry population (Oberländer et al., 2020; Sultan et al., 2021). The introduction of vaccination as a control measure marked a turning point in the region's response to ND, with various vaccination programs being evaluated for their efficacy in reducing transmission and mortality (Ayoub et al., 2019). 4.3 Timeline and methods of vaccination campaign implementation The vaccination campaign was implemented in phases, beginning with the introduction of thermoresistant vaccines, which were administered to different chicken types, including SPF, native, and broiler chickens (Abdoshah et al., 2022). The campaign involved routine vaccinations every three months, using vaccines such as the I-2 NDV vaccine, which showed significant improvements in flock size and health (Otiang et al., 2021). In some areas, a single dose of recombinant vaccines, such as the rHVT-ND, was used to provide long-term protection against ND (Shi et al., 2024). The campaign also included monitoring of antibody titers to ensure adequate immunity levels were maintained across the poultry population (Taebipour et al., 2017; Oberländer et al., 2020). Over time, the vaccination efforts led to a significant reduction in ND outbreaks, with improved flock immunity and reduced virus transmission (Tatár-Kis et al., 2020; Akther and Hassan, 2022). In summary, the successful eradication of Newcastle disease in the case study region was achieved through a comprehensive vaccination campaign that adapted to the local poultry dynamics and employed both routine and innovative vaccination strategies. This approach not only controlled the disease but also enhanced the overall health and productivity of the poultry industry in the region. 5 Factors Contributing to the Success of Vaccination Campaign 5.1 Effective vaccine delivery systems and logistics Effective vaccine delivery systems are crucial for the success of vaccination campaigns against Newcastle disease (ND). In southeastern Kenya, a community-centered vaccine delivery model was implemented, which involved training community vaccinators to provide vaccination services. This model significantly increased vaccine uptake and reduced ND-related deaths, demonstrating the importance of accessible and efficient vaccine delivery systems (Ogolla et al., 2024). Similarly, in rural Tanzania, the use of trained community vaccinators administering thermotolerant vaccines via eyedrop was found to be effective, highlighting the role of tailored delivery methods in enhancing vaccination success (De Bruyn et al., 2017). 5.2 Government policy support and financial resources Government policy support and financial resources are vital for sustaining vaccination campaigns. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the establishment of a paid vaccination service for village chickens was assessed, revealing that socio-economic factors and government support play a significant role in the adoption of
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==