Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 39-48 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 43 Interestingly, genes MSRB3 and CHL1 were found to be associated with fear and herding behavior, and JAK2, MEIS1, and LRRTM4 with predation behaviors (Shan et al., 2021). Besides, SNPs in chromosome 26 have also been discovered to be associated with human-directed social behaviors such as physical contact and looking at owners in golden retrievers and Labrador retrievers (Persson et al., 2018). From the studies, some of the behavioral traits in dogs have been discovered to be strongly heritable and regulated by precise genetic variation (MacLean et al., 2019). Figure 2 Effect of breed on behavior (Adopted from Morrill et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Biddability is among eight behavioral factors defined from surveys. SE, standard error. (B) Dogs in some breeds tend to score unusually high or low for this factor compared with dogs overall. (C and D) Border collies score lower on average for biddability (vertical line at median) but vary widely (C), including genetically confirmed border collies (D). (E) In mixed-breed dogs, border collie ancestry has a small genetic effect on biddability. [Photo credits: K. Wirka (Sprocket); M. Wisniewski (Caboose); B. Hoadley (Molly); M. Logsdon (Hunter); A. Macias (Lily); S. Staples (TWooie)] (Adopted from Morrill et al., 2022) 6.3 Comparison of behavioral traits between domesticated dogs and their wild counterparts A comparison of the behavioral traits of the domestic dog to those of their ancestors, such as wolves and coyotes, reveals dramatic contrasts which have resulted from domestication and artificial selection. Domestic dogs possess a behavioral repertoire less fully developed or even lacking in free-living canids. Domestic dogs, for instance, are more social-attached and trainable, with this being less developed in wolves. Genetic studies have shown that some social behavior loci in wolves are unvariable but in dogs are variable, having been selected in the course of domestication (Persson et al., 2018). Second, while polygenic adaptations produce breed-specific activity in dogs, natural selection produces more homogeneous behavioral expressions in free-living canids (Dutrow et al., 2022; Morrill et al., 2022). 7 Comparative Analysis 7.1 Key genetic and behavioral similarities and differences among the three species Wolves, coyotes, and dogs share both genetic and behavioral differences and similarities resulting from their ecological niches and their evolutionary histories. They share more recent ancestry genetically, and the dogs were
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