Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 19-28 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 21 reproduction. The egg production of some breeds is more than ten times that of wild geese (Kozák, 2019). The genomic studies of Zheng et al. (2022), Chen et al. (2023), and Zhang et al. (2023) also identified genes such as TGFBR3L, CMYA5, and LHCGR that are related to traits such as growth rate, reproductive capacity, and reproductive performance. Figure 1 The genetic divergence and hybridization patterns in graylag and domestic geese (Adopted from Heikkinen et al., 2020) Image caption: Population status and names labeled as in Supplementary File 1, Table S1. The colors in A) and B) are associated to different groups as follows: graylags (blue), European domestics (green) and Chinese domestics (red). A) The first three principal components summarizing the genetic variation in geese (percentage explained by each PC is shown). Different shades refer to different populations. B) STRUCTURE assignment plots for K=2, K=3, andK= 4. Each vertical bar represents one individual with K number of colors indicating proportion of ancestry from the inferred clusters, and populations/breeds are separated by black vertical line. C) Plot relating to the f3 values obtained for each population. Turkey refers to two adjacent bars in the plot since the Turkish graylags were analyzed as two separate individuals. The more negative the f3, the more significant is Z-score in favor of admixture. The f3 values were not calculated for Landes and the Chinese geese, as they were used as source populations, thus they were given an f3 value of 0 (Adopted from Heikkinen et al., 2020) 3.3 Behavior and tameness When domesticating, people tend to choose those individuals who are gentle in temperament, easy to manage and can adapt to human life (Kozák, 2019). Chen et al. (2023) found that these behavioral changes are related to the selection signals of genes associated with the nervous system, indicating that such personality changes have a clear genetic basis. Some domestic goose breeds have also undergone a behavioral shift from monogamy to polygyny, as well as a weakening of brooding behavior. These changes may be related to the expression regulation of genes such as CSMD1 andNUDT9 (Chen et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023).
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