Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 196-206 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 200 2), peripheral white blood cells, and milk somatic cells. Additionally, physiological parameters like rectal temperature and milk yield were measured to correlate with gene expression data (Zeng et al., 2023). Figure 2 (A) Volcano plot of DEcircRNAs in hypothalamus; (B) Volcano plot of DEcircRNAs pituitary; (C) Volcano plot of DEcircRNAs mammary gland. Red dots represent up-regulated circRNAs and blue dots represent down-regulated circRNAs; (D) Venn diagram of DEcircRNAs in the HPM axis-related tissues between NHS and HS groups; (E) Comparison of the circRNAs expression levels determined by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR (Adopted from Zeng et al., 2023) The research of Zeng et al. (2023) presents a comparative analysis of differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and mammary gland under varying conditions. The volcano plots indicate significant upregulation and downregulation of circRNAs in these tissues, with more pronounced changes in the pituitary. The Venn diagram illustrates the overlap of these differentially expressed circRNAs across tissues, highlighting shared and unique circRNAs between groups. The bar graph compares expression levels of select circRNAs, confirming RNA-seq findings with RT-qPCR, showing consistent trends across both methods. This suggests potential regulatory roles of circRNAs in these tissues under stress conditions. 5.3 Key findings The studies revealed several key findings. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in various tissues, with significant changes observed in the expression of circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. For instance, the MAPK signaling pathway was highlighted as a crucial pathway in the heat stress response. Genes related to cellular stress response, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism were commonly differentially expressed in both peripheral white blood cells and milk somatic cells (Figure 3) (Garner et al., 2020). Additionally, specific miRNAs were found to target progesterone biosynthesis and corpus luteum-related genes, indicating that pregnant cows are more susceptible to heat stress (Lee et al., 2020). Proteomics analysis showed alterations in the complement and coagulation cascades, suggesting impaired immune function in heat-stressed cows (Min et al., 2016). The research of Fang et al. (2021) illustrates the cellular responses to cold and heat stress in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Under cold stress, cells experience hypoxic stress, leading to decreased metabolic rates and reduced protein synthesis. This response is aimed at conserving energy and preventing apoptosis by regulating gene expression through the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In contrast, heat stress triggers oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to protein misfolding. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a crucial role in stabilizing these denatured proteins, preventing further cellular damage, and aiding in protein refolding, thereby protecting cells from heat-induced apoptosis and necrosis.
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