Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 217-227 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 224 It was found that using ethylene glycol (EG) alone or in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) yielded higher maturation rates than DMSO alone, regardless of the equilibration technique used (Sala et al., 2020). Additionally, the program faced difficulties in ensuring the proper deposition of embryos within the uterine cavity. This was mitigated by employing ultrasound guidance and using soft catheters to minimize uterine contractility and avoid negative pressure from the catheter (Nowak et al., 2020). These adjustments were crucial in overcoming the technical challenges and optimizing the ET procedure. 8.3 Outcomes and lessons learned The outcomes of the ET program were promising, with successful pregnancies established in recipient queens receiving embryos derived from both non-vitrified and vitrified/warmed immature oocytes (Ma et al., 2021). This success underscores the importance of optimizing cryoprotectant exposure techniques and ensuring precise embryo deposition within the uterus. The program also highlighted the need for continuous monitoring and adjustment of ET protocols to address specific challenges encountered during the process. Key lessons learned include the critical role of cryoprotectant selection and exposure methods in preserving oocyte viability, as well as the importance of gentle and precise embryo transfer techniques to enhance pregnancy outcomes. These insights can inform future ET programs in feline breeding, contributing to the advancement of reproductive technologies and the conservation of genetic diversity in feline populations. 9 Concluding Remarks The research on optimizing embryo transfer (ET) techniques in feline breeding programs has highlighted several critical factors that can significantly influence the success rates of ET procedures. Key findings include the importance of using soft catheters and gentle manipulation to avoid uterine contractility, the benefits of ultrasound guidance, and the necessity of removing cervical mucus to prevent embryo loss during catheter withdrawal. Additionally, the deposition of embryos in the midportion of the uterus and avoiding negative pressure from the catheter have been shown to improve outcomes. The use of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) techniques has also been identified as a powerful tool for genetic improvement, allowing for more intense and accurate selection, and shorter generation intervals. The findings from this research have significant implications for feline breeding programs. By adopting optimized ET techniques, breeders can enhance the success rates of embryo transfers, leading to more efficient and effective breeding programs. The use of soft catheters, ultrasound guidance, and proper handling techniques can minimize the risk of uterine contractility and embryo loss, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful pregnancies. Furthermore, the application of MOET can accelerate genetic improvement in feline populations, similar to its impact on sheep and cattle breeding programs. This can result in healthier and genetically superior feline breeds, benefiting both breeders and pet owners. Future research should focus on further refining ET techniques to maximize success rates and minimize risks. Studies should explore the optimal conditions for embryo transfer in different feline breeds, including the ideal number of embryos to transfer and the best practices for handling and transferring embryos. Additionally, research should investigate the long-term genetic impacts of using MOET in feline breeding programs, including potential risks such as increased inbreeding. Practical recommendations for breeders include adopting the use of soft catheters, performing trial transfers, and utilizing ultrasound guidance to ensure accurate embryo placement. By implementing these practices, breeders can improve the efficiency and success of their breeding programs, ultimately contributing to the advancement of feline genetics and health. Acknowledgements Author would like to express our gratitude to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their critical assessment and constructive suggestions on our manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure Author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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