Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 217-227 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 221 nutrition in cattle is critical to ensure that cows calve in adequate body condition, which is necessary for the reinitiation of postpartum estrous cycles and successful synchronization protocols (Phillips and Jahnke, 2016). Veterinary care, including regular health checks and management of reproductive health issues, is also crucial. Conditions such as metritis and calving problems have been shown to negatively impact pregnancy rates in cattle. Figure 1 The effect of sire and semen concentration (Adopted from Currin et al., 2022) 6 Advances in Embryo Transfer Technology 6.1 Cryopreservation of embryos Cryopreservation has revolutionized the field of reproductive biotechnology by enabling the long-term storage of embryos, which is crucial for genetic preservation and breeding programs. Recent advancements in cryopreservation techniques, such as vitrification, have shown promising results in various species, including felines. Vitrification, a rapid freezing method, has been particularly effective in preserving the viability of immature cat oocytes, although it still presents challenges in terms of meiotic and developmental competence compared to non-vitrified controls (Tharasanit et al., 2011). Additionally, the use of stepwise cryoprotectant exposure techniques has improved the outcomes of vitrified immature cat oocytes, leading to successful pregnancies following embryo transfer (Michailov et al., 2023). These advancements highlight the potential of cryopreservation in enhancing feline breeding programs by allowing for the storage and transport of genetic material across different locations and time periods. 6.2 In vitro fertilization (IVF) and its integration In vitro fertilization (IVF) has become a cornerstone of assisted reproductive technologies, offering a controlled environment for fertilization and early embryo development. The integration of IVF with embryo transfer techniques has shown significant improvements in pregnancy rates and genetic selection. For instance, the use of
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