Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 207-216 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 214 domestication and human interaction on the heritability and expression of these traits could offer practical applications for pet bird management and welfare. The heritability of temperament traits in pet birds is a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. While moderate heritability has been observed, the significant role of environmental influences cannot be overlooked. The consistency of certain traits over time and across different species suggests that these traits are deeply rooted in the birds' biology. Understanding these traits not only enriches our knowledge of avian behavior but also has practical implications for improving the care and management of pet birds. As research progresses, it will be crucial to adopt multidisciplinary approaches that combine behavioral, genetic, and ecological perspectives to fully unravel the intricacies of temperament traits in pet birds. Acknowledgements I would like to thank anonymous peer reviewers for their careful review and valuable comments. Conflict of Interest Disclosure Author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Barrozo D., Buzanskas M.E., Oliveira J.A., Munari D., Neves H., and Queiroz S., 2012, Genetic parameters and environmental effects on temperament score and reproductive traits of nellore cattle, Animal, 6(1): 36-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111001169 PMID: 22436152 Briley D.A., and Tucker-Drob E., 2014, Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: a meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 140(5): 1303-1331. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037091 PMID: 24956122 PMCID: PMC4152379 Cava J.A., Perlut N.G., and Travis S.E., 2019, Heritability and evolvability of morphological traits of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) breeding in agricultural grasslands, PLoS One, 14(1): e0210472. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210472 PMID: 30640933 PMCID: PMC6331091 Coutant T., Bagur S., and Gilbert C., 2018, Development of an observational quantitative temperament test in three common parrot species, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 202: 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLANIM.2018.01.007 Dochtermann N.A., Schwab T., and Sih A., 2015, The contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation: heritability of personality, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1798): 20142201. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2201 PMID: 25392476 PMCID: PMC4262176 Dochtermann N.A., Schwab T., Berdal M.A., Dalos J., and Royauté R., 2019, The heritability of behavior: a meta-analysis, The Journal of Heredity, 110(4): 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz023 PMID: 31116388 Firth J.A., Hadfield J.D., Santure A.W., Slate J., and Sheldon B.C., 2015, The influence of nonrandom extra‐pair paternity on heritability estimates derived from wild pedigrees, Evolution, 69(5): 1336-1344. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12649 PMID: 25800997 PMCID: PMC4950017 Fox R., and Millam J., 2010, The use of ratings and direct behavioural observation to measure temperament traits in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), Ethology, 116(1): 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1439-0310.2009.01713.X Gamma A., and Liebrenz M., 2019, Rethinking heritability, F1000Research, 8: 1705. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20641.1 Haskell M.J., Simm G., and Turner S.P., 2014, Genetic selection for temperament traits in dairy and beef cattle, Frontiers in Genetics, 5: 368. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00368 PMID: 25374582 PMCID: PMC4204639 Hope S.F., Schmitt L., Lourdais O., and Angelier F., 2022, Nature vs. nurture: disentangling the influence of inheritance, incubation temperature, and post-natal care on offspring heart rate and metabolism in zebra finches, Frontiers in Physiology, 13: 892154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.892154
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